If you’re a backyard chicken owner or thinking of raising chickens for eggs, you’re probably no stranger to worrying about their health. Losing a beloved pet can be devastating, and understanding what kills chickens is crucial in preventing such losses. Chickens are susceptible to various predators, diseases, and environmental factors that can cause serious harm or even death. In this article, we’ll delve into the common causes of mortality among backyard chickens, discussing potential threats like disease outbreaks, pests, accidents, and more. We’ll explore the signs and symptoms of illnesses, as well as provide practical tips on how to prevent these issues from arising in the first place, so you can enjoy healthy and happy hens for years to come.
Natural Predators and Pests
Chickens have a natural instinct to survive, but they can still fall prey to common predators and pests that threaten their safety on your farm. Let’s look at some of the most common culprits.
Snakes and Other Reptiles
When it comes to natural predators and pests that threaten backyard chicken flocks, snakes are often overlooked but certainly not insignificant. In fact, several species of snakes are known to prey on chickens, including rat snakes, king snakes, and gopher snakes. These snakes are attracted to the warmth and shelter provided by chicken coops, making it essential for backyard flock owners to take control measures to prevent infestations.
To deter snakes from your chicken coop, start by removing any potential food sources, such as rodents or insects, that may be attracting them in the first place. Consider installing a snake-proof fence around your coop or using hardware cloth to cover any openings. You can also try adding deterrents like ammonia-soaked rags or hot pepper sprays around the perimeter of your coop to discourage snakes from approaching.
Regularly inspecting your coop and surrounding areas for signs of snake activity is crucial, as early detection can help prevent infestations from getting out of hand. If you do encounter a snake in your flock, don’t panic – simply humanely remove it and take steps to prevent future occurrences.
Foxes, Coyotes, and Other Canines
Foxes, coyotes, and other canines are one of the most common natural predators of chickens. These stealthy hunters are known for their adaptability, intelligence, and persistence when it comes to getting what they want – your flock. Foxes, in particular, are notorious for their ability to slip under fences and snatch a chicken right from under your nose.
To prevent foxes and coyotes from attacking your chickens, it’s essential to secure your coop and run. This means installing hardware cloth or chicken wire with openings of no more than 1 inch around all enclosures. Additionally, ensure that your coop is at least 3 feet off the ground and has a strong, sturdy roof. You should also consider using electric fencing around the perimeter of your property to deter these predators.
As for deterrents, some effective options include hot pepper spray, predator urine (such as coyote or fox), and motion-activated sprinklers. These can be placed strategically around the coop and run to scare off potential threats. Another option is to use a guard animal, such as a donkey or a llama, which are known to chase away predators.
Birds of Prey (Hawks, Owls, Eagles)
If you’re raising backyard chickens, it’s essential to be aware of birds of prey that target them. Hawks, owls, and eagles are common avian predators that can swoop down on a flock in an instant. These birds are attracted to chicken feeders, water sources, and even the sounds of clucking hens. Once they’ve identified your coop as a potential food source, they’ll return again and again.
Several factors contribute to bird attacks on chicken flocks. One key reason is the presence of nearby wildlife, such as rabbits or squirrels, which can attract birds of prey. Another factor is the lack of adequate shelter or secure fencing around the coop. Hawks, in particular, are skilled hunters that can swoop down through open gaps.
To protect your chickens from avian predators, consider installing netting or row covers over the top of the coop to block bird access. You can also use visual deterrents like shiny reflective tape or fake owls to scare birds away. Another effective method is to provide an alternative food source for birds, such as a bird feeder filled with sunflower seeds or suet. By taking these steps, you can reduce the risk of a bird attack and keep your flock safe.
Diseases and Infections
Diseases and infections are among the most common causes of death in backyard chickens, often caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites that can spread quickly through flocks. Understanding these risks is crucial for keeping your flock healthy.
Bacterial Diseases (Avibacterium, Pasteurella)
Bacterial diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality in backyard chickens and commercial flocks worldwide. Avibacterium and Pasteurella are two common bacterial pathogens that affect chickens globally. Avibacterium infections, also known as avibacteriosis, can cause a range of symptoms including depression, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and respiratory issues.
Pasteurella multocida, on the other hand, is responsible for pasteurellosis or fowl cholera, which can lead to sudden death in infected birds. The disease is highly contagious and transmitted through direct contact with an infected bird’s saliva, nasal discharge, or contaminated feces. Vaccination strategies against these diseases typically involve administering a combination of vaccines, including bacterins and live attenuated vaccines.
Preventative measures include maintaining good biosecurity practices on your farm, such as regular cleaning and disinfection of coops and equipment, isolation of new birds for a minimum of 30 days before integrating them into the flock, and proper vaccination schedules. Additionally, providing a balanced diet rich in nutrients and ensuring access to clean water can help boost the immune system of your flock.
Viral Diseases (Newcastle Disease, Avian Influenza)
Viral diseases are one of the most significant threats to chicken flocks globally. Two major viral pathogens that have a devastating impact on chickens are Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza. These diseases can spread rapidly, causing widespread illness and death among chickens.
Newcastle Disease is a highly contagious virus that affects birds worldwide. Its symptoms include respiratory problems, diarrhea, and tremors. Chickens may exhibit labored breathing, drooping wings, and an unsteady gait. The disease spreads through direct contact with infected birds or contaminated feed, water, or equipment.
Avian Influenza, on the other hand, is a highly pathogenic virus that can lead to high mortality rates among chickens. Its symptoms include sudden death, lethargy, loss of appetite, and respiratory distress. Chickens may also exhibit swelling around the eyes, head, and neck.
To prevent the spread of these viruses, strict biosecurity practices are essential. This includes proper vaccination of all birds on the farm, maintaining a clean and disinfected environment, segregating new birds from established flocks, and minimizing contact with wild birds or other poultry farms. Regular monitoring for signs of illness and implementing prompt quarantine measures can also help prevent outbreaks.
Parasites and External Factors
When it comes to what kills chickens, parasites and external factors play a significant role. From mites and lice to extreme weather conditions and predators, these threats can be devastating to your flock.
Internal Parasites (Roundworms, Tapeworms)
Internal parasites such as roundworms and tapeworms can wreak havoc on a chicken flock’s health and productivity. These internal invaders feed on the birds’ nutrients, causing weight loss, lethargy, and impaired immune systems. In severe cases, they can even lead to organ damage or death.
Several factors contribute to internal parasite infestations in chicken flocks. Poor sanitation and hygiene practices allow parasites to spread quickly. For instance, if you don’t regularly clean the coop and surrounding areas, eggs, and feces can contaminate the soil, making it an ideal breeding ground for parasites. Another key factor is a lack of proper nutrition, as malnourished birds are more susceptible to infestation.
To manage internal parasites effectively, you need to combine prevention with treatment. Use parasite-killing medications specifically designed for chickens, and ensure all birds receive the full course of treatment. Regularly testing your flock can help identify potential issues before they become severe. You should also adopt good hygiene practices, provide a balanced diet, and maintain a clean living environment to discourage parasite infestations from occurring in the first place.
External Parasites (Mites, Lice, Flies)
External parasites are a common problem for chicken keepers, and it’s essential to identify and eliminate them to prevent discomfort and health issues in your flock. Mites, lice, and flies are the most common external parasites that can infest chickens.
Mites are tiny, eight-legged arachnids that feed on the blood of their hosts. They’re often found on a chicken’s head, neck, and vent areas. To identify mites, look for signs such as excessive scratching, restlessness, and darkened feathers around the affected area. If you suspect a mite infestation, treat your chickens with diatomaceous earth or pyrethrin powders.
Lice are also blood-feeding parasites that attach themselves to their hosts’ skin. They’re typically found on a chicken’s neck, back, and vent areas. Lice can be identified by their presence, as well as excessive scratching and restlessness in the affected chickens. Use a louse-killing powder or spray containing permethrin to get rid of lice.
Flies are less common external parasites that can still cause problems for your flock. Houseflies and blowflies can lay eggs on chicken droppings, which then hatch into larvae that feed on the birds’ flesh. Regular cleaning of your coop and run is crucial in preventing fly infestations.
Frequently Asked Questions
How can I identify if my chickens are being attacked by snakes?
If you suspect a snake infestation, look for signs like missing birds, egg shell fragments near the coop entrance, or live snakes spotted in the area. Use outdoor motion-sensitive lights and regular inspections to spot snakes before they become a problem.
What should I do if I notice symptoms of internal parasites in my flock?
Monitor your chickens’ droppings for worms or eggs, check for weight loss, and perform fecal tests regularly. Treat with dewormers as prescribed by a veterinarian and maintain good coop hygiene to prevent re-infestation.
How often should I clean and disinfect the chicken coop to prevent disease outbreaks?
Clean and disinfect your coop every 6-8 weeks during peak season, changing bedding, scrubbing surfaces, and removing any debris. Always wear protective gear when cleaning to avoid exposure to potential pathogens.
Can I use natural deterrents like garlic or hot peppers to keep predators away from my chickens?
Yes, using natural deterrents can be an effective way to repel pests without harming the environment. Spray garlic-based solutions around the coop perimeter and consider planting hot pepper plants nearby to deter snakes and other predators.
What should I do if I notice a sudden drop in egg production or increased mortality among my flock?
Consult with a veterinarian as soon as possible, providing detailed records of feed consumption, water intake, and any changes in behavior. They will help diagnose the cause and recommend treatments tailored to your specific situation.